Lacidipine Type Calcium Channel Blocker Drug
Description:
Lacidipine is a group of type calcium channel blocker drug. Lacidipine works by relaxing the heart muscle and blood vessels. 
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Tramadol HC1 is one type of analgesic drugs, which are used to overcome severe pain either acute or chronic pain after surgery. Tramadol HC1 has several characteristics such as the use of doses that are not too large ie 100 mg, 5.5-hour half-life, well absorbed in the stomach, has a price of 9.14 pKa, log P of 1.35 at pH 7 and has a stability both in water and ethanol (Anonymous, 2004). Read more
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Tramadol HC1 (91),tramadol therapeutic index (17),therapeutic index of tramadol (17),tramadol physical properties (13),sustained release curve (7),drug concentration in blood (6),sustained release (6),partition coefficient (5),drug stability (5),delayed release dosage forms (5),Nitrous Oxide (Dinitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen Oxide, Entonox)
Pronunciation: NIGH-truhs OX-eyed
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 10024-97-2
Formal Names: Dinitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen Oxide, Entonox
Informal Names: Fall Down, Gas, Hippie Crack, Hysteria, Laughing Gas, Nitro, Nitrous, Nitrous Acid, Noss, Pan, Shoot the Breeze, Tanks, Thrust, Whippets
Type: Inhalant. Federal Schedule Listing: Unlisted USA Availability: Nonprescription, but sales and usage are controlled in some jurisdictions Read more
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Pronunciation: ok-SAN-droh-lohn
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 53-39-4
Formal Names: Anatrophill, Anavar, Lipidex, Lonavar, Oxandrin, Provitar, Vasorome
Type: Anabolic steroid.
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule III (DEA no. 4000)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: X Read more
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Nicotine (Habitrol, Nicoderm, Niconil, Nicorette, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotrol, Prostrop, Tobacco)
Pronunciation: NIK-uh-teen (also pronounced NIK-uh-tin)
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 54-11-5
Formal Names: Habitrol, Nicoderm, Niconil, Nicorette, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotrol, Prostrop, Tobacco
Informal Names: Chip (cigarette mixed with PCP), Fry Daddy (cigarette mixed with crack cocaine)
Type: Stimulant (pyridine alkaloids class).
Federal Schedule Listing: Unlisted
USA Availability: Generally available to adults as a component of tobacco products; nonprescription and prescription in pharmaceutical format
Pregnancy Category: C or D (depending on pharmaceutical format) drugsencyclopedia.net/nicotine/nicotine-habitrol-nicoderm-niconil-nicorette-nicotiana-rustica-nicotiana-tabacum-nicotrol-prostrop-tobacco/#more-28″ class=”more-link”>Read more
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Pronunciation: pen-toh-BAR-bi-tal
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 76-74-4
Formal Names: Cafergot, Nembutal, Pentobarbitone, Phenobarbitone
Informal Names: Nebbies, Nembies, Nemmies, Nimbies, Yellow Bullets, Yellow Dolls, Yellow Jackets, Yellows
Type: Depressant (barbiturate class).
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule II (oral and parentral, DEA no. 2270), Schedule
III for suppositories (DEA no. 2271)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: D
Uses.
This short-acting substance has sedative qualities but is considered ineffective in treating nervous apprehension. Because of the drug’s sleepinducing characteristics, it is used as a preliminary to administering anesthesia and as a short-term treatment for insomnia. Pentobarbital has been observed to lower blood pressure, body temperature, and muscle tone. The compound can be used as an emergency anticonvulsant when a person has seizures, and
has been used to treat alcohol addicts undergoing withdrawal. Pentobarbital has been found effective in reducing pressure that fluid creates in the brain after severe head injury. Pentobarbital reduces a type of nerve cell death called neuronal apoptosis, and this reduction may help prevent stroke. Animal studies indicate that pentobarbital can help protect brain tissue against radiation, which might have practical application during treatment of brain tumors. Veterinarians use the substance for euthanasia: An unusual demonstration of the drug’s strength occurred when a lion was poisoned by eating meat from a horse that had been killed with pentobarbital.
Drawbacks.
Although the drug is a sedative, it can cause hyperactivity in children. Sudden stoppage of combined pentobarbital and benzodiazepine therapy in an infant caused temporary chorea (involuntary jerking). A feline experiment showed that tremors reminiscent of Parkinson’s disease can occur when pentobarbital is administered with chlorpromazine (also called Thorazine, often used to treat psychotic behavior). Persons with porphyria, a body chemistry affliction that can provoke violence, are supposed to avoid pentobarbital. Examination of epileptic children receiving pentobarbital shows elevated readings for total cholesterol, though levels of high-density lipoprotein (so-called good cholesterol) and triglycerides (associated with heart attack and stroke) seem unaffected.
In a monkey experiment pentobarbital interfered with time perception, ability to learn, short-term memory, attention span, and interest in tasks. The substance impeded task performances in a human experiment, with performance getting worse as the amount of thinking necessary for a chore increased.
Such a drug is unlikely to be welcome in the workplace. Although children using the substance apparently have trouble with language skills, a study found language development to be normal two years after the medication ceased.
Abuse factors.
In a test, alcohol drinkers who were not alcoholics found pentobarbital less appealing than a placebo and experienced no euphoria from pentobarbital, a finding consistent with other studies of persons who do not abuse drugs. When given choices of assorted substances, monkeys chose pentobarbital less often than water, which indicates the compound has low addictive potential. In contrast, drug abusers participating in an experiment found effects of pentobarbital and diazepam to be similar. Those two drugs thus had comparable appeal even though scientists running the experiment found pentobarbital possessing only 10% of diazepam’s strength. A study testing various effects on former drug addicts found pentobarbital to be 15 times
stronger than meprobamate, but morphine acted 6 times stronger than pentobarbital.
Cross-tolerance among chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, and alcohol has been observed in rats. A study of sedative drug abusers found alcohol and pentobarbital to deliver similar effects, with pentobarbital possibly having more appeal. A monkey experiment indicates that alcohol increases the attractiveness of pentobarbital. Dependence can develop, and in humans the
pentobarbital withdrawal syndrome can duplicate the delirium tremens of alcohol withdrawal. A mice study found that tolerance to pentobarbital developed more rapidly if assorted drugs of abuse were also being administered (morphine, amphetamine, alcohol, or cocaine).
Drug interactions.
A case report notes that pentobarbital can almost double the speed with which theophylline (commonly used to treat asthma and other breathing difficulties) disappears from the bloodstream, requiring changes in normal theophylline dosage. In a mice experiment alcohol boosted pentobarbital’s potency. A human study found that chronic alcohol ingestion reduces
the effective length of a pentobarbital dose. Grapefruit juice extends the amount of sleep produced by pentobarbital in rats, and in mice the drug inhibits caffeine effects. At one time researchers suspected that taking pentobarbital along with MDMA would reduce organic brain damage caused by MDMA, but rat experiments indicate that any apparent benefit comes simply
from the lower body temperature produced by pentobarbital. Although cocaine is a stimulant, in a rat experiment it increased the sleep-inducing quality of pentobarbital.
Cancer.
In animal experimentation pentobarbital has caused cancer. In humans long-term usage is associated with cancer of the ovaries and bronchi, but that finding is weakened by the patients also smoking cigarettes. Pregnancy. A large survey of pregnancy outcomes found that pentobarbital does not appear to cause birth defects. Nonetheless pregnant women are supposed
to avoid the drug.
Additional information.
Some capsule formats of Nembutal (pentobarbital sodium CAS RN 57-33-0) contain FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine), which can cause asthma attacks or other allergic responses in sensitive persons, particularly if someone has adverse reactions to aspirin. Cafergot PB is a combination
of bellafoline, caffeine, and ergotamine tartrate. The combination was tested with and without pentobarbital sodium to determine effect on migraine headache. Presence of pentobarbital not only enhanced reduction of pain but also helped treat anxiety, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and low tolerance of light.
Additional scientific information may be found in:
Cole-Harding, S., and H. de Wit. “Self-Administration of Pentobarbital in Light and
Moderate Alcohol Drinkers.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 43 (1992):
563–69.
Hambly, G., C. Frewin, and B. Dodd. “Effect of Anticonvulsant Medication in the Preschool
Years on Later Language Development.” Medical Journal of Australia 148
(1988): 658, 661–62.
Mintzer, M.Z., et al. “Ethanol and Pentobarbital: Comparison of Behavioral and Subjective
Effects in Sedative Drug Abusers.” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
5 (1997): 203–15.
Pickworth, W.B., M.S. Rohrer, and R.V. Fant. “Effects of Abused Drugs on Psychomotor
Performance.” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 5 (1997): 235–41.
Pierce, James I. “Drug-Withdrawal Psychoses.” American Journal of Psychiatry 119
(1963): 880–81.
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Pronunciation: PEM-oh-leen
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 2152-34-3
Formal Names: Cylert
Informal Names: Popcorn Coke
Type: Stimulant.
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule IV (DEA no. 1530)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: B
Uses.
In the United States pemoline became available for medical purposes during the 1970s. It is used to treat depression, weariness, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug’s stimulant effects are described as greater than caffeine but less than amphetamine. Unlike many scheduled stimulants, pemoline is unrelated to amphetamine.
Studies find pemoline useful in reducing symptoms of depression, and experimental usage of pemoline with monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants has helped depressed persons who obtain insufficient relief with other drugs.
Pemoline has eliminated drowsiness felt by persons taking antihistamines. The drug has been proposed for workplace usage to reduce fatigue but has not been tested extensively for that purpose. Tests have found that the drug improves ability to perform arithmetic when users are tired. In a different but more robust experiment, members of the U.S. Navy Special Warfare group stayed awake 64 hours around the clock while using pemoline. Though their performance appeared to decline as the experiment continued, they not only did better than participants who used placebos, but they also did better than persons using methylphenidate. In England, Royal Air Force experimenters concluded that pemoline can help keenness and capabilities during long shifts of duty. A Russian report endorses the drug’s usefulness for “urgent increase” of functioning but notes that persons using pemoline cannot maintain initial ability if body temperature rises and oxygen supply declines, nor does the drug help persons push past emotional strain or fulfill complicated task requirements.
During the 1980s and 1990s sports officials in Belgium found the drug was frequently used by cyclists seeking a competitive edge. Multiple sclerosis patients using pemoline sometimes report less exhaustion than those using a placebo, but investigators who rigorously reviewed studies about multiple sclerosis fatigue found no evidence of pemoline improving weariness.
An instance is known of an elderly man taking pemoline to help him stay awake during lectures, but the regimen seemed to promote prostate trouble. Pemoline has been successfully used against narcolepsy.
Studies find pemoline about as effective as either dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate in helping children with ADHD. Pemoline has been used successfully against ADHD in teenagers and adults as well. Growth rates are below normal in some youngsters with ADHD, and pemoline itself can temporarily hold back such development but without long-term harm—youngsters
develop normal adult weight and height. Those deficient growth rates may be treated with growth hormone. One study found, however, that pemoline seems to make the hormone treatment less effective in some patients. As the age of ADHD patients grows, so can unwanted effects that they experience from pemoline.
Animal experiments in the 1960s indicated that pemoline boosts learning ability. The lure of a “smart pill” had understandable appeal to suffering students and teachers, but when the drug was tested on college students, no improvement in learning ability occurred. The same dismal outcome occurred when elderly persons received the drug; indeed, some performed worse than
elderly persons receiving a placebo. Group results in still another experiment showed either no improvement or worsening of learning scores when people used the drug. In contrast, long-term daily administration of the drug seemed to improve memory in some persons entering senility.
A review covering 10 years of pemoline reports found none attributing euphoria to the drug, a lack that sets it apart from other scheduled stimulants.
Unlike some other stimulants, pemoline also seems to have little effect on pulse rate or blood pressure.
Drawbacks.
The drug can bring on tics and partial muscle movements, in a particularly severe way if an overdose occurs. An instance is known of muscle damage in an adult misusing pemoline. Pemoline is also known to reduce appetite and salivation, increase crankiness, bring on headaches and stomachaches, cause skin rash, and interfere with sleep. Hallucinations from
pemoline have been reported.
In rats and mice pemoline can cause self-harm behavior, and the amount needed to induce such behavior declines when a certain kind of brain damage is present, damage that is often seen in mentally retarded humans. Those findings suggest that such persons receiving pemoline may need monitoring to guard against self-injury. Long-term excessive usage may generate temporary psychotic behavior, but such an outcome appears untypical.
Probably the most serious unwanted results of taking pemoline can be hepatitis and other liver injury, injury so severe as to require a transplant. Damage can continue to worsen after the drug is stopped, and people have died from liver failure induced by pemoline. Victims tend to be children. Such an adverse effect is particularly disquieting because it occurs at therapeutic dosage, rather then being created by reckless abuse. A child can take pemoline for months before harm is apparent, or alarming symptoms can arise after just a week of use.
Methylphenidate is suspected of contributing to liver trouble in persons who are also taking pemoline. Debate exists about how dangerous pemoline is to liver function when no other drugs are being taken, but the debate has limited practical significance because many patients taking pemoline receive other drugs as well. Because of concern about liver damage, parents are supposed to sign a written consent form before their children begin pemoline therapy.
Abuse factors.
Although pemoline is a scheduled substance, a review of reports covering the first 10 years of its medical availability in the United States found little evidence of addiction or abuse. A Norwegian review of pemoline use boldly described it as “a stimulant which cannot be abused.”
1 When given a choice of drugs, animals show no particular interest in pemoline, a sign of low abuse potential. Nonetheless, a case report does exist of a pemoline addict who developed a paranoid psychosis that went away after stopping the drug. A British medical practitioner reported that drug misusers were supplementing their amphetamine habit with pemoline.
An experiment tested pemoline’s ability to help reduce cocaine usage among persons receiving methadone treatment (meaning the persons were addicted to cocaine and heroin both). Results were unencouraging. In contrast, favorable response in an ADHD alcoholic caused researchers to predict that pemoline may be useful for treating alcohol addiction. Mice experimentation
shows that pemoline reduces effects produced by THC, considered the primary drug in marijuana.
Drug interactions.
Pemoline is suspected of interfering with epilepsy medicines.
It can boost mono amine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants and
urinary acidifers (the latter action interfering with pemoline’s psychostimulant
effects).
Cancer.
Rat experiments do not indicate any cancer risk from pemoline.
Pregnancy.
Experiments with rabbits and rats reveal no harm to fetal development, but influence on human fetal development is unknown.
Additional information.
When tested on mentally handicapped workers, magnesium pemoline (CAS RN 18968-99-5) brought on the kinds of temperament modification associated with caffeine but failed to increase either productivity or time worked. Two cocaine addicts who appeared to have mild ADHD were able to reduce their intake of cocaine while receiving magnesium pemoline, a result leading the scientific investigators to wonder if magnesium pemoline might have potential for helping to break cocaine addiction. Animal experiments have shown that both pemoline and magnesium pemoline can provide protection against atomic radiation.
Additional scientific information may be found in:
Bostic, J.Q., et al. “Pemoline Treatment of Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder: A Short-Term Controlled Trial.” Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 10 (2000): 205–16.
Elizur, A., I. Wintner, and S. Davidson. “The Clinical and Psychological Effects of
Pemoline in Depressed Patients—A Controlled Study.” International Pharmacopsychiatry
14 (1979): 127–34.
Honda, Y., and Y. Hishikawa. “Long Term Treatment of Narcolepsy and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness with Pemoline (Betanamin).” Current Therapeutic Research:
Clinical and Experimental 27 (1980): 429–41.
Langer, D.H., et al. “Evidence of Lack of Abuse or Dependence Following Pemoline
Treatment: Results of a Retrospective Survey.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 17
(1986): 213–27.
Newlands, W.J. “The Effect of Pemoline on Antihistamine-Induced Drowsiness.” The
Practitioner 224 (1980): 1199–1201.
Shevell, M., and R. Schreiber. “Pemoline-Associated Hepatic Failure: A Critical Analysis
of the Literature.” Pediatric Neurology 16 (1997): 14–16.
Sternbach, H. “Pemoline-Induced Mania.” Biological Psychiatry 16 (1981): 987–89.
Valle-Jones, J.C. “Pemoline in the Treatment of Psychogenic Fatigue in General Practice.”
The Practitioner 221 (1978): 425–27.
Note
1. N. Lie, “Sentralstimuleren Midler ved AD/HD Hos Voksne. Kan De Misbrukes?
[Central Stimulants in Adults with AD/HD. Can They Be Abused?],” Tidsskrift for den
Norske Laegeforening 119 (1999): 82–83. Abstract in English.
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Pronunciation: ox-A-zeh-pam (also pronounced ox-AZ-eh-pam)
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 604-75-1
Formal Names: Anxiolit, Serax, Serenid D
Type: Depressant (benzodiazepine class).
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule IV (DEA no. 2835)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: C
Uses.
This substance is a metabolite of diazepam, temazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate dipotassium. Oxazepam’s primary medical usage is to fight insomnia, hostility, and anxiety. Some researchers have found the drug also works against depression. Studies show oxazepam, diazepam, and flunitrazepam to have about the same therapeutic effects, though not the same
strengths (oxazepam being the weakest). In the 1990s a survey of pharmacies in Cracow, Poland, illustrated oxazepam’s worldwide popularity; around 14% of benzodiazepine prescriptions were for oxazepam, predominantly to women. One advantage of the drug is its safe “therapeutic ratio,” meaning that the amount needed to produce a desired medical effect is far below the amount needed to produce a poisonous effect. Thus medical practitioners have
considerable flexibility in adjusting dosage to an exact amount needed by a patient.
Experimental use against tinnitus (ringing in the ears) has been promising. Sometimes oxazepam is the preferred antianxiety medicine for alcoholics suffering from cirrhosis, because a fully functioning liver is unnecessary to flush the substance from the body. Oxazepam is used to alleviate alcohol withdrawal syndrome and has been used to treat neuroses and schizophrenia.
Oxazepam is considered appropriate for short-term treatment of agitation in elderly persons suffering from dementia. Tests indicate the drug can reduce hostility as well as anxiety, an ability that would set oxazepam apart from other benzodiazepines. In a cat experiment, however, the drug increased predator behavior. The drug makes mice more combative. Rats kill more mice when dosed with oxazepam, but researchers interpret that result as illustrating
potency of the drug rather than indicating it would promote aggression in humans. Human oxazepam reactions that increase hostility and combativeness are unusual and unexplained, although factors may include size and frequency of dose along with inherent personalities of users. Hostile human reactions are “paradoxical” effects, meaning they are the opposite of what
normally happens after taking an oxazepam dose.
Drawbacks.
While under the drug’s influence people exhibit memory trouble. Oxazepam lowers body temperature in mice and rats. Case reports tell of oxazepam causing blisters or other skin eruptions on people. In mice the substance boosts the poisonous action of the cancer medicine ifosfamide. Some experiments using oxazepam to induce sleep find no hangover effect on persons’ performance the next day, but that result is not invariable; size of dose appears relevant. An experiment testing the drug’s effect on vigilance (an important ability when driving a car) found normal ability while persons were under the influence of a low dose. Another experiment using a dose four times greater did find vigilance impairment. Still another experiment showed slower movements.
Abuse factors.
One reviewer of the drug’s characteristics reported that it may have less addictiveness than diazepam. In one study opiate addicts found oxazepam no more attractive than a placebo. In another study sedative abusers judged the drug less attractive than diazepam and indeed mistakenly identified oxazepam as a placebo one third of the time (a mistake they almost
never made with diazepam) and even considered a placebo more appealing than oxazepam about one fifth of the time (a preference never occurring with diazepam). A similar experiment in which drug abusers compared oxazepam, diazepam, and placebo produced comparable results.
An animal research study found no tolerance produced by the drug. Monkeys, however, exhibit signs of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal after taking the drug for a week or two. One human study found tolerance but no withdrawal symptoms. Nonetheless, melancholy, mood swings, confusion, anxiousness, panic, and seizures have been observed when doses of the drug
stopped abruptly. Some of those “withdrawal symptoms,” however, are also conditions for which the drug is prescribed; so emergence of those conditions upon stopping the drug may simply mean the underlying conditions were not cured. A case report recounts a rare instance of someone having visual hallucinations while undergoing oxazepam withdrawal. Tapering oxazepam does not necessarily prevent abstinence symptoms, but symptoms have been controlled by substituting another drug. One authority warns that stopping oxazepam can be as touchy as stopping barbiturates. In the 1980s a health official in Australia portrayed oxazepam dependence as a growing problem. In contrast, another authority reviewing oxazepam’s history for a medical journal found only four accounts of human dependence on the drug and declared
withdrawal symptoms to be unusual upon sudden stoppage. This reviewer speculated that oxazepam’s slow delivery of drug effects and its tendency to make people dizzy if a lot is consumed help discourage abuse.
Drug interactions.
A driving skills test showed that oxazepam worsens impairment induced by alcohol. Cigarette smoking shortens the time span that an oxazepam dose stays in the body. A mouse study found that animals could withstand higher doses of morphine and methadone if oxazepam was also
used.
Cancer.
Findings about oxazepam’s potential for causing human cancer have been inconclusive. Gene mutations would be a possible sign that cancer might eventually emerge; some laboratory tests show that the drug does not cause gene mutations, but genetic mutations were apparent after a six-month administration of the drug to mice. Oxazepam is described as causing liver cancer in mice. Researchers testing the drug on rats concluded that an unclear potential for causing cancer exists, but their uncertain conclusion was partly based on some dosages so high that apparently they were fatal to various individual animals.
Pregnancy.
Experiments have exposed mice to oxazepam during fetal development, and assorted differences in their behavior (compared to mice with no exposure) have been documented, including decreased sociability and decreased interaction with surroundings. What those differences might mean in a human context is unclear. Experimental evidence indicates that prenatal exposure to oxazepam may harm a mouse’s learning ability and temporarily slow growth. In humans the drug passes from a pregnant woman into the fetus. A survey of 4,014 instances of birth defects in the Netherlands from 1981 to 1994 found an association between oxazepam and cleft lip. The same association was found in Finland a few years earlier. Mice experiments have also produced head and mouth malformations, but the doses involved were
far higher than humans would be expected to take.
Oxazepam is considered to have less impact than other benzodiazepines on a nursing mother’s milk supply. Two nursing mothers who had measurable levels of oxazepam in their blood had no evidence of the substance in their milk. A case report tells of a nursing mother whose milk contained about 4.7% of her oxazepam dosage, with no apparent effect on the infant. In other cases, not even 0.001% of the oxazepam dose taken by a mother passed into her milk.
Additional scientific information may be found in:
Ayd, F.J., Jr. “Oxazepam: Update 1989.” International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5
(1990): 1–15.
Bliding, A. “The Abuse Potential of Benzodiazepines with Special Reference to Oxazepam.”
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, no. 274 (1978): 111–16.
Bucher, J.R., et al. “Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Oxazepam in the Fischer
344 Rat.” Toxicological Sciences 42 (1998): 1–12.
Fouks, L., et al. “The Clinical Activity of Oxazepam.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.
Supplementum, no. 274 (1978): 99–103.
Griffiths, R.R., et al. “Comparison of Diazepam and Oxazepam: Preference, Liking and
Extent of Abuse.” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 229
(1984): 501–8.
Mewaldt, S.P., M.M. Ghoneim, and J.V. Hinrichs. “The Behavioral Actions of Diazepam
and Oxazepam Are Similar.” Psychopharmacology 88 (1986): 165–71.
Vaisanen, E., and E. Jalkanen. “A Double-Blind Study of Alprazolam and Oxazepam
in the Treatment of Anxiety.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 75 (1987): 536–41.
