The Effects of Ecstasy on Psychological and Physiological
Ecstasy or scientific language is MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a type of stimulant medications (some literature mentioned also hallucinogens) which is a derivative of amphetamine that is widely used as “party drugs“. Many people use these substances to get a psychological effect than the desired physiological effect. Read more
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Substance abuse and the evolution of dependency are issues that may impress anybody, from suburban moms hooked on sleeping capsules to youngsters swayed by peers to try cannabis. Adolescents and young adults are thought to be an especially high risk group for formulating substance abuse issues. This might be because these are crucial time periods of transition and alteration and it’s frequently during transitional times when individuals begin to try out new things and start to confront new life tensions. Read more
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Once you already know that methamphetamine is made of material that is very dangerous, if you still want to try it ….?, I think NOT. This Materials – Materials to make methamphetamine that can damage our bodies, and also our mental life. including the symptoms caused by: Read more
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1. Meth-Methamphetamine
Metamfetamina known in Indonesia as shabu-shabu, is psikostimulansia and sympathomimetic drug. Marketed for severe cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The physical effects may include anorexia, hyperactivity, dilated pupils, redness, restlessness, dry mouth, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hypotension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, dizziness, twitching, insomnia, tingling, palpitations, arrhythmia, acne, pale, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, and death can occur. Read more
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Understanding and Explanation of Drugs (Ecstasy, Heroin, Marijuana, Morphine, Alcohol)
Is an abbreviation of narcotic drugs and drugs of hazardous materials. In addition to “drugs”, another term is a drug which stands for Narcotics, Psychotropic and Addictive Substance.
All of these terms, both “drugs” or drugs, referring to a group of substances that generally have a risk of addiction for its users. According to health experts is actually a psychotropic drug commonly used to anesthetize the patient when they want to dioparasi or drugs for certain diseases. Read more
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Although the nervous system is often discussed in terms of peripheral and central components, it should be regarded as a highly integrated whole in which the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) plays a critical information gathering and processing role. The peripheral nervous system is often divided into the autonomic and somatic components. The somatic system controls the voluntary functions of the body, like those of the skeletal muscles. The autonomic system, in contrast, is often referred to as the “involuntary” system. It regulates parts of the body where we execute little or no conscious control, such as the heart, intestines, vasculature, and other internal organs.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic components, which typically exert opposing effects. The sympathetic system is involved in the “fight or flight” reaction (increased blood pressure and heart rate, and accommodation for increased vision, for example) that prepares the organism for stressful situations. The parasympathetic system conversely establishes a more relaxed situation, for instance, the rest period after a meal. The autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the independent control of the mechanical and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract is sometimes called the enteric system.
Drugs that affect the central nervous system may also have a major action in the gut. Thus, the constipating effects of opium alkaloids are exerted through this system and a number of the important withdrawal symptoms reflect the actions of the enteric nervous system. The nervous system is often regarded as a command (efferent) system that sends instructions to be executed. However, there is also a sensory (afferent) component, that receives information from innervated systems and that is vital to the overall integrated nervous response.
Despite the anatomical and functional differences between the various components of the nervous system, they share a fundamental similarity in their use of chemicals (neurotransmitters) to convey information.
The individual unit of the nervous system is the neuron, a specialized cell that both receives and transmits information.
The nervous system contains more than 100 billion neurons and is a major user of metabolic energy in the human body. It is also a region particularly susceptible to injury from toxic chemicals, lack of oxygen, and other assaults. Depending on the nervous region in which they reside, neurons may have different anatomical features and may use different chemical transmitters. Neurons communicate with each other and with their end organs by these chemical signals, which are released from the nerve terminal and interact with specific receptors on adjacent neurons or cells.
The chemical transmitters may be small molecules—notably acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, or histamine. Acetylcholine and norpeinephrine are the dominant neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, respectively.
Dopamine and serotonin are employed primarily in the central nervous system. Neurotransmitters may also be more complex peptides (small proteins) such as substance P, vasopressin, endorphins, and enkephalins. The latter agents are of particular importance to our considerations of opium since they represent the “endogenous” opiates—agents that exist within the body whose actions are mimicked by exogenous, or outside, agents such as morphine, heroin, codeine, and so on. These neurotransmitters serve to convey information between neurons across the synaptic cleft (the junction where two neurons meet) or at the neuroeffector junction (the site between neuron and an innervated organ such as muscle or secretory gland).
Each neuron has specific synthetic machinery that enables it to both synthesize and eliminate a specific neurotransmitter.
For example, neurons of the sympathetic nervous system employ norepinephrine and epinephrine as their transmitters. Other neurons, particularly in the central nervous system, employ dopamine as their transmitter. Dopamine is a particularly important transmitter for a variety of neuronal functions. Its loss is associated with Parkinson disease, and it is a critical agent in the mediation of pleasure and reward processes. Dopamine, due to its association
with pleasurable sensations, is widely implicated in the actions of a number of drugs of abuse, including cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamines.
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Pronunciation: fen-MET-rah-zeen
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 134-49-6
Formal Names: Filon, Preludin
Informal Names: Sweeties
Type: Stimulant (anorectic class).
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule II (DEA no. 1631)
USA Availability: Prescription
Uses.
Immediately upon announcement of the drug’s discovery in 1954 it was utilized in Germany as an appetite suppressant. A couple years later the same medical use began in the United States with expansive claims about patients obtaining substantial weight loss without having to follow a regimen of dieting, claims that became more modest as experience with the drug spread. One experiment testing the drug’s influence on appetite yielded a result relevant to drug experiments in general: The substance worked better when people knew its intended effect. If people knew they were supposed to feel less hungry, they noticed less desire for food and then ate less. Early reports praised phenmetrazine for producing more appetite loss than amphetamine and with fewer unwanted effects. Since then phenmetrazine has fallen into disfavor due to concern about addictive potential even though the drug is described as resembling caffeine more than amphetamine.
In dogs phenmetrazine has only one sixth to one tenth the strength of amphetamine. One type of canine experiment showed dextroamphetamine to be 250 times stronger than phenmetrazine. In dogs a much higher dose of phenmetrazine is needed for the same weight loss produced by benzphetamine, and an experiment with 75 humans had results consistent with that tendency,
finding phenmetrazine to be less effective than benzphetamine in promoting weight loss. In contrast, another human weight reduction experiment with 81 persons was unable to demonstrate such a difference. That study did show, however, that users obtain fewer amphetamine effects from phenmetrazine than from dextroamphetamine.
Phenmetrazine has worked as an antidepressant, and for some overweight persons that effect may enhance the drug’s appeal (overeating can be a response to depression). The substance shows effectiveness against motion sickness and against symptoms of diabetes insipidus. As a possible cure for bedwetting, the drug produced mixed results. The compound has also been
used to treat asthma and Parkinson’s disease.
Drawbacks.
Intravenous abuse can harm muscles and kidneys. Phenmetrazine can produce standard amphetamine effects such as euphoria, restlessness, jumpiness, insomnia, tics, fatigue reduction, faster breathing, and higher blood pressure. Studies have found phenmetrazine’s actions on patients with heart trouble or hypertension (high blood pressure) to be measurable but negligible.
Taking the high blood pressure medicine propranolol along with phenmetrazine can relieve cardiac effects without diminishing anorectic effects. Studies with diabetic users find phenmetrazine having little influence on blood sugar levels or on insulin needs.
Fluctuating emotions and even psychosis have been attributed to phenmetrazine abuse. Psychosis can include hallucinations and paranoia. That affliction can stop when drug taking stops, or instead the drug may break down barriers releasing full-fledged and long-lasting schizophrenia. Phenmetrazine interferes with dreaming during sleep, which in itself may cause psychological trouble.
Abuse factors.
Tests of drug preference, in which users could choose among several substances, found benzphetamine and phenmetrazine to have about the same amount of appeal even though benzphetamine is a Schedule III substance (a status implying a lower addictive potential than phenmetrazine). In one such test, volunteers found phenmetrazine to be a satisfying substitute
for dextroamphetamine but preferred the latter. Abusers of amphetamine and methamphetamine have routinely switched to phenmetrazine when their favored drug was unavailable.
Drug interactions.
An experiment found that chlorpromazine (Thorazine) interacts with phenmetrazine, hindering phenmetrazine’s normal anorectic benefit.
Cancer.
In pregnant women phenmetrazine may undergo transformations suspected of promoting childhood tumors.
Pregnancy.
Phenmetrazine was formerly prescribed to pregnant women seeking to lose weight. A study of over 10,000 birth and childhood records found the drug having no “severe” impact on fetal development. Other studies have found no birth defects at all, although medical literature from the early 1960s does contain a handful of reports in which the drug is suspected of harming fetuses. Those suspicions were never verified but were strong enough to suspend medical use of the drug in some countries for a while.
Combination products.
Filon combines phenmetrazine theoclate (CAS RN 13931-75-4) and phenbutrazate hydrochloride and is promoted as having phenmetrazine’s weight loss characteristics while lacking hazard of addiction. Initial clinical trials showed Filon to be an effective anorectic with fewer of phenmetrazine’s unwanted qualities, but a later study found the two drugs
to have the same unwanted effects. A case of Filon addiction also surfaced, but that single instance hardly proves Filon to have more addictive potential than any other drug considered to have low or zero potential.
Additional scientific information may be found in:
Gilstrap, L.C. III, and B.B. Little, eds. Drugs and Pregnancy. New York: Elsevier, 1992.
Martin, W.R., et al. “Physiologic, Subjective, and Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Ephedrine, Phenmetrazine, and Methylphenidate in Man.”
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12 (1971): 245–58.
Mellar, J., and L.E. Hollister. “Phenmetrazine: An Obsolete Problem Drug.” Clinical
Pharmacology and Therapeutics 32 (1982): 671–75.
Negulici, E., and D. Christodorescu. “Phenmetrazine Psychosis.” British Medical Journal
3 (1968): 316.
Penick, S.B, and J.R. Hinklele. “The Effect of Expectation on Response to Phenmetrazine.”
Psychosomatic Medicine 26 (1964): 369–73.
Rosen, A., and I.J. Oberman. “Addiction to Phenmetrazine Hydrochloride and Its Psychiatric
Implications.” Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 59 (1960): 722–26.
Spillane, J.P. “The Use of Phenmetrazine.” The Practitioner 185 (1960): 102–6.
