Neurological Effects of Heroin Use
Heroin is derived from the pulp drying opium poppies that have a content of morphine and codeine, which is an effective pain reliever and is widely used in medicine for the treatment of cough and diarrhea drug.
Heroin has been known by humans at least since 6000 years ago, and is known comes from the tree of happiness. In the 7th century or the 8th, suspected Arab traders took it to China and used as a medicine. After that, the English and Portuguese to supply China with opium and put the UK as the world’s largest heroin. Read more
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1. Meth-Methamphetamine
Metamfetamina known in Indonesia as shabu-shabu, is psikostimulansia and sympathomimetic drug. Marketed for severe cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The physical effects may include anorexia, hyperactivity, dilated pupils, redness, restlessness, dry mouth, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hypotension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, dizziness, twitching, insomnia, tingling, palpitations, arrhythmia, acne, pale, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, and death can occur. Read more
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Medication is an ingredient in the form of solid or liquid or gas that causes influence the occurrence of physical changes and / or psykologik on the body. Almost all drugs affect the central nervous system. The drug is reacting to the brain and can affect a person’s mind the feelings or behavior, this is called drug psykoaktif. Drugs can be derived from various sources. Many obtained from the extraction plant, for example, nicotine in tobacco, coffee and kofein of cocaine from the coca plant. Read more
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Tramadol HC1 is one type of analgesic drugs, which are used to overcome severe pain either acute or chronic pain after surgery. Tramadol HC1 has several characteristics such as the use of doses that are not too large ie 100 mg, 5.5-hour half-life, well absorbed in the stomach, has a price of 9.14 pKa, log P of 1.35 at pH 7 and has a stability both in water and ethanol (Anonymous, 2004). Read more
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Nitrous Oxide (Dinitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen Oxide, Entonox)
Pronunciation: NIGH-truhs OX-eyed
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 10024-97-2
Formal Names: Dinitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen Oxide, Entonox
Informal Names: Fall Down, Gas, Hippie Crack, Hysteria, Laughing Gas, Nitro, Nitrous, Nitrous Acid, Noss, Pan, Shoot the Breeze, Tanks, Thrust, Whippets
Type: Inhalant. Federal Schedule Listing: Unlisted USA Availability: Nonprescription, but sales and usage are controlled in some jurisdictions Read more
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Pronunciation: OH-pi-uhm
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 8008-60-4
Formal Names: Papaver album, Papaver somniferum, Poppy
Informal Names: Ah-pen-yen, Aunti, Aunti Emma, Big O, Black, Blackjack, Black Pill, Black Stuff, Chandoo, Chandu, Chinese, Chinese Molasses, Chinese Tobacco, Chocolate, Cruz, Dopium, Dover, Dover’s Deck, Dover’s Powder, Dreamer, Dream Gun, Dreams, Dream Stick, Easing Powder, Emma, Fi-Do-Nie, Garden-Poppy, Gee, God’s Medicine, Goma, Gondola, Gong, Goric, Great Tobacco, Gum, Guma, Hard Stuff, Hocus, Hop, Indonesian Bud, Joy, Joy Plant, Mawseed, Midnight Oil, Mira, Mud, O, Oil, OJ, OP, Ope, Pen Yan, Pen Yen, PG, Pin Gon, Pin Yen, Plant, PO, Pox, Skee, Tar, Tongs, Tox, Toxy, Toys, When- Shee, Winshee, Yen Shee Suey, Ze, Zero
Type: Depressant (opiate class).
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule II (DEA no. 9600)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: C Read more
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Pronunciation: ox-i-MOR-fohn
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 76-41-5. (Hydrochloride form 357-07-3)
Formal Names: Numorphan
Type: Depressant (opioid class).
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule II (DEA no. 9652)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: C Read more
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Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic of the aminocyclohexanol group with opioid-like effects. Its mode of action is not completely understood but it appears to act by modifying transmission of pain impulses via inhibition of noradrenaline and serotonin re-uptake and also by weakly binding to mu-opioid receptors.
How its work
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Tramadol may work as a pain blocker and may have a very mild antidepressant benefit. Alternatives include non-medication modalities, pain interventions and other medications that may work in a similar manner.
Tramadol has become a standard analgesic for the treatment of moderate to moderately-severe or severe pain; it is a stronger alternative to NSAIDS and an alternative to lower-dose morphine. Scheduling of tramadol would restrict its legitimate therapeutic use and worsen the existing under treatment of pain.
Thus given the already minimal levels of abuse, scheduling tramadol will have little or no impact on abuse and will only increase the potential for harming patients. The nature of the increased potential harm comes from
1) continued under treatment of pain;
2) increased use of NSAIDS;
3) increased use of potent opioids.
This would invert the concept of balancing benefit and risk and undermine the precautionary principle.
Tramadol has demonstrated therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of moderate to moderately-severe or severe pain, e.g. in postoperative and post-traumatic pain, cancer pain, and pain associated with chronic benign diseases. Tramadol’s efficacy overlaps with low doses of morphine.
Classical side effects of morphine-like drugs such as constipation, respiratory depression and sedation are reduced with tramadol.
Studies
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Studies of tramadol extended-release tablets suggest that in addition to relief from pain and improved function, additional benefits of fewer interruptions in sleep and improved compliance may occur. Thus, tramadol is an effective and safe drug for the treatment of pain. As such, tramadol is a unique tool for filling the analgesic gap that exists between NSAIDs and potent prototypic opioids.
